The Pearl Manuscript and medieval visionaries Essay Example for Free

The Pearl Manuscript and medieval visionaries Essay Pearl texts and their surviving manuscripts are the rich heritage property of Middle English poetry. When a war is won, mention of important soldiers and Generals who contributed to the success of the war, if often mentioned and recorded. Similar is the case about the literature. The scholars who read, analyze, interpret and offer their criticism on ancient classics are often remembered by the .literary enthusiasts. So when one talks about the Pearl Manuscript, one remembers Sir Israel Gollancz. His views containing Pearl, Cleanness, Gawain and the Green Knight and Patience are original and noteworthy . His views have contributed much to shape the modern critical perspectives of this great text. The highlight of the poems of the Pearl Manuscripts is the   timeless appeal and the   inherent capacity to reach the inner realms of the human being with their latent   spiritual strength. What makes Gollancz’s editorial achievement exclusive? It is so, because it is comprehensive and well-researched.   Gollancz has taken into account all the important aspects of the Pearl Manuscript. His facsimile was reprinted three times since 1923, was reissued in 1971.For the later scholars Gollancz was the inspiration and the base. The audience for these poems is of two categories. The scholars engaged in study and further research on them, and the lay readers. Both owe a debt of gratitude for the enthusiasm and dedication with which Gollancz worked on Pearl Manuscripts. He kindled the interest of both categories in profound riches of the medieval English verse, for the period 1891 to 1940.But for Gollancz’s dedication, the task of going through the Pearl Manuscript in facsimile, would have been difficult. The original version of the Pearl texts and the authentic details of their codex are available at the Manuscript Room of the British Library. The other route to get it is costly and time-consuming—order copies of individual leaves from the Library’s Photographic Reproductions Office. â€Å"For these major achievements and for the many smaller contributions he made to resolving specific textual problems which vexed scholars of the Pearl poems, I believe the name of Sir Israel Gollancz must be placed alongside those of Sir Frederick Madden and Richard Morris on the list of founders of modern scholarship on the Pearl Manuscripts poems.†(Reichardt†¦) Some examples of the poems are: â€Å"Hope 3e à ¾at He heres not à ¾at eres alle made? Hit may not be à ¾at He is blynde à ¾at bigged vche y3e. (Patience, 123-24)1† (Reichardt..) The narrator of Patience recalls the Psalmist’s words: no one can escape the omniscience of God. Presently, this omniscience of God is related to the faculties of sight and hearing. You can not run away from the realities of life. You have to suffer or enjoy the consequences of your evil or good actions. There is no escape from it because you don’t have a secure place of escape away from the vision of God. Not even a leaf oscillates without His wish. The Creator sees all and hears all. The relationship between man and God is undeniable. All types of manifestations in the world are as per the will and command of God. Wherever we are and whatever we may do, our prime concern should be to exemplify and demonstrate the validity of the power of the Supreme Being. It is no use getting intoxicated by the intellectual achievements disregarding the reality of the Cosmic Supreme. â€Å"BÄ•rÄ «th is the Hebrew word which, in the Old Testament, is applied to ‘the three great covenants established by God at the three critical stages of the history of mankind: the creation, the reestablishment of mankind after the flood, and the birth of the Hebrew nation.’5 The centrality of covenant to the poems in this manuscript is manifest in the inclusion of the stories of both Noah and Abraham in Cleanness.†(www.marginalia) What is a fully imagined devotional response? It is the beginning of the search within.   Action without the motivated desire is possible through the sensory organs as seen in Pearl when the Dreamer approaches Christ. This means God can not be searched in the world outside. He can be realized in the innermost chambers of our heart and that too through a specific procedure. God is not sitting in the sky granting rewards and punishments. â€Å"Delyt me drof in y3e and ere, My manez mynde to maddyng malte; Quen I se3 my frely, I wolde be à ¾ere, By3onde à ¾e water à ¾a3 ho were walte. (Pearl, 1153-56)†(Reichrdt..) Wise people say that a poet sees what the sun can not see! This statement highlights the strength of the power of the narrative imagery. The images created by the poet are as powerful as those seen with the eye, if not more. Spoken words can provide you with some understanding but they can not reveal the truth. The truth can only be experienced, through the inner eye. If one wishes to see and know God, one has to perceive the eternal Divinity within one’s true Self. For that the precondition is to ignite a passionate and inextinguishable thirst to see, know, and realize our eternal Father. Since the dawn of the Creation, the procedure to know God has been one and the same. One’s own inner self is the eternal witness to one’s actions. There is no escape from this position under any circumstances. To watch means to participate. This condition is also in tune with the legal process. A covenant would not be valid without the witness, which ipso facto means that the witness has the perfect understanding of the contract. The witness has truly educated himself as to the true implications of the action. The word education is derived from the root â€Å"edu†, which means to draw out. So what is to be drawn out? It is one’s inherently blocked flow of latent potential including wisdom and creativity that needs to be squeezed out. Here one can understand what Mass implies. It is the enactment of both the spiritual and legal aspects of the covenant. The bread and wine symbolize the body and blood of Christ. In the Sacrifice of the Mass the priest takes recourse to dual actions-affirmative and destructive. A comparison can be drawn here, between the positive and negative tendencies of an individual. He re-enacts Christ’s breaking of the bread at the Last Supper and his immolation in the Passion. The question is how to beat the negative tendencies and how to draw out the celestial flow of dormant potential in every individual. For that, the need is to dig a tunnel right up to one’s core personality. Such a tunneling effect is the outcome of establishing unity between all one’s personality layers while harmonizing each one of them with one’s core personality called Pure Consciousness or Soul, which is the actual reservoir of one’s total potential.  Ã‚   The sum and substance of the Pearl Manuscript is to know and understand one’s inner world, which is the fountainhead of bliss, the communion with it paves the way for eternal happiness. Happiness and melancholy are the outcomes of one’s own positive and negative thoughts respectively. A spiritual flight is an ecstatic transcendental experience carried out by one’s soul. It involves the intermingling of one’s Soul with All-pervading eternal Consciousness. The deeper the Soul delves into the Infinite ocean of Universal Consciousness, the more it gets embellished with the spiritual pearls. This mystical transcendental experience is inexplicable, as it beyond all words, known languages and varied expressions. This is hurdle faced by greatest of the great poets. At this point, the power of poet’s imagery becomes powerless. For, this state can neither be defined nor confined and hence is inexpressible in terms of words and expressions. The best way to know it is through Self-Realization. Such a state is described by Poet Wordsworth in his poem ‘Daffodils’ as â€Å"the bliss of solitude.† Confessio Amantis (The Lover’s Confession) is a Middle-English poem by John Gower. It uses the confession made by an old lover to the Chaplin of Venus. The 33,000 lines poem is one of the great works of late 14th century English literature. The poet was an eminent writer, and belonged to a wealthy family. The contents of the poem again relate to vices and virtues, the sinner and the sinned, the different grades in the society, how the sinner can return to God, how he can obtain pardon by Jesus Christ, and his mother, the glorious Virgin. Probably it was written about 1376-1379.Confessio Amantis is addressed to King Henry IV. The subject dealt with has been called â€Å"In Praise of Peace.† In the conversation between the confessor and the penitent, seven deadly sins are discussed, by tales borrowed from other notable works, including the Bible. The transition from earthly love to higher plane of love is also elucidated. John Gower is no ordinary writer and â€Å"Confession Amantis, is by no means slender, and in some respects will stand comparison with Chaucers admittedly great gifts as a narrator.†(Catholic Encyclopedia) Conclusion The medieval poems have a charm of their own. That was the time the humanity was not affected by materialism, industrial and internet revolution. Rule of the heart prevailed, over the rule of the reason. The Kings and Queens dominated the political scene. Romanticism was part of the life of men in the high society. God and spirituality influenced every segment of the society and every aspect of human life. Human being feared the divine powers and prayed for peace and welfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚            References Cited: Andrew, Malcolm, Waldron, Ronand; Book: Poems Of The Pearl Manuscript: Pearl, Cleanness, Patience Gawain and the Green Knight (UEP Exeter Medieval Texts and Studies) Paperback: 380 pages Publisher: University of Exeter Press; 3 edition (January 1, 2002) Language: English ISBN-10: 0859897265 ISBN-13: 978-0859897266 Reichardt, Paul F. Sir Israel Gollancz and the editorial history of the Pearl findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3708/is_199504/ai_n8729842/pg_11 33k Cached Similar pages, Retrieved on May 2, 2008 Reading and Believing: Covenant in the Poems of the Pearl Manuscript Gower’s words.. www.marginalia.co.uk/journal/06cambridge/bates.php 37k Cached Similar pages,Retrieved on My 2,2008. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John Gower The Confession Amantis was translated into Portuguese by Robert Payn.. www.newadvent.org/cathen/06685a.htm 30k Cached Similar pages   Retrieved on May 2, 2008

Analysis Of A Linear Accelerator

Analysis Of A Linear Accelerator Nowadays patient with cancer are treated by radiation, surgery, chemotherapy or with a combination of these options. The radiotherapy treatment unit used to deliver radiation to cancerous cells and tissues is the linear accelerator, also known as linac. The linear accelerator has been defined by Khan F. M. (2003) as a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons, to high energies through a linear tube. The electron beam itself can be used for treating superficial toumors, or it can strike a target to produce x-rays for treating deep-seated toumors. The energy used for the radiotherapy treatment of deep situated tissues varies from 6-15 MV (photons) and the treatment of superficial toumors (less than 5cm deep) is between 6-20MeV. (Khan, 2003) The purpose of this essay is to describe a linear accelerator, analyse its components in the stand and the gantry of the linac, and explain the principles of operation and then discuss why it is best situated to the task for which it was designed. Some advantages and disadvantages of the linac will also be included in the discussion part of the essay. Main body: Figure 1:http://www.cerebromente.org.br/ As you can see from the schematic picture above, the major components of a linac are: Klystron: source of microwave power Electron gun: source of electrons. Waveguide (feed and accelerating waveguide): microwaves travel through the feed waveguide and then to the accelerating waveguide, where electrons are accelerated from the electron gun. Circulator: a device that prevents microwaves of being reflected back from the accelerator. Cooling water system: cools the components of the linac. Bending magnet: A bending magnet is used to change the direction of the accelerated electron beam from horizontal to vertical. (Hendee et al, 2005) X-ray target: electrons hit the target and produce x-rays. Flattening filter: even out the intensity of the beam. Ionisation chambers: they control the dose leaving the head of the linac. Beam collimation: shape the radiation beam to a certain size Klystron: There are two types of microwave power. The klystron and the magnetron. Magnetrons are used for lower energy linacs. In the high energy linear accelerator klystron is used. All modern linacs have klystrons. Both klystron and magnetron are special types of evacuated tubes that are used to produce microwave power to accelerate electrons. (Karzmark and Morton, 1998). The tube requires a low-power radiofrequency oscillator to supply radiofrequency power to the first cavity called the buncher. (Hendee et al, 2005) In the bunching cavity, electrons produced from the electron gun, are bunched together to regulate their speed. The microwave frequency is thousands times higher than ordinary radio wave frequency. For a linac to work, the microwave frequency needed is 3 billion cycles per second. (3000MHz) (Karzmark and Morton, 1998) Electron gun: The electron gun is part of the klystron. Here, electrons are produced and then accelerated to radiofrequency cavities. The source of electrons is a directly heated filament made from tungsten, which will release electrons by thermionic emission. (Bomford, 2003) Tungsten is used because it is a good thermionic emitter with high atomic number, providing a good source of electrons. Klystrons usually have 3-5 cavities, used to bunch electrons together and increase microwave power amplification. Waveguide: There are two different types of waveguides used in linacs. The first is the feed waveguide and the second is the accelerating waveguide. The first one connects the klystron to the main part of the linac. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is used in the feed waveguide, to stop the arcing of electrons, caused by the microwaves that create strong electric fields. A circulator is placed in the waveguide system, to prevent microwaves being reflected back. Microwaves travel then to the accelerating waveguide. The accelerator guide of a linac requires a high vacuum to prevent power loss and electrical arcing, caused by interactions of electrons with gas molecules.(Cook, 1998)The acceleration of electrons takes place here. The accelerator waveguide bunch and accelerate the electrons with the microwaves. Electrons travel with a high velocity to almost the speed of light. (98% of speed of light) Microwaves travel to the speed of light, so irises are used to slow them down, so that electrons can keep up with the microwaves and be accelerated. There are two types of accelerator waveguide: the travelling and the standing waveguide. The difference between the standing and the travelling wave accelerators is the design of the accelerator waveguide. In the travelling wave accelerator, electrons travel towards the machine and microwaves are absorbed, but in the standing wave accelerator microwaves are reflected back upon themselves. The standing wave accelerator is the main type used in medical linear accelerators. Bending magnet: The electron beam leaving from the accelerator waveguide continues through the bending magnet. This is used to change the direction of the electron beam, to exit through the treatment head. The bending magnet deflects the beam in a loop of 270o, or 90o. The most common degree of bending magnet used in linacs is the 270o achromatic magnet. The important property of this magnet is that the electrons are brought together despite the difference in energies. They are brought back together to the same position, angle, and beam cross section at the target, as they were when they left the accelerator waveguide. X-rays target: The target is made of tungsten because of its high atomic number. When electrons, with their high speed, hit the target, made up from a high atomic number material, they undergo rapid deceleration. This sudden loss of energy results in the formation of x-rays and photons. To maximise the X-ray beam intensity, the transmission target will be thick enough to stop all the electrons bombarding it but thin enough to minimise the self absorption.( Bomford, 2003) In order to switch from photon to electron therapy, the target is removed to allow the electron stream to continue into the head of the machine. Flattening filter: In order to make the beam intensity uniform across the field a flattening filter is used. It is usually made of lead, although tungsten, uranium, steel, aluminium, or a combination has also been used or suggested. The flattening filter absorbs more photons from the centre of the beam and fewer from the periphery of the beam. Ionisation chambers: Ionisation champers measure the amount of radiation leaving the machine, quantified in units Monitor units. Every linac has two ionisation chambers for safety reasons. The ionisation is a round, flat structure, filled with gas, divided into a number of segments, where each segment contains electrodes. When radiation passes through the gas, it is then ionised creating a high charged density that is controlled by the electrodes. The treatment terminates when the readings from the electrodes have reached a pre-set M.U value. Collimation: A primary collimator limits the maximum field size for x-ray therapy (40 x 40cm). It ensures that x-rays leaving the target leave in a forward direction in order to minimise radiation leakage through the head. The treatment field size is defined by the secondary collimator. This collimator reduces the transmission penumbra, since radiation must travel through the entire collimator thickness. It consists of four thick metal blocks, called jaws. There are two pairs of jaws, upper and lower jaws. With the use of asymmetric jaws, by moving each jaw individually, asymmetric field sizes can be produced. Half beam blocking can also be enabling. Different intensity patterns can be produced, from the standard flat beam profile, by moving during treatment. Multi-leaf collimators are finger like projections, 1cm thick. These fingers like projections move independently in order to form the field shape more closely to the shape of the planning target volume. By using MLCs, less radiation is given to normal tissues. Discussion: From the introduction of this essay, the definition of the linac was given. A linac is a high voltage machine, used for the treatment of cancerous cells and tissues. With the structure of a linac this is achieved. By radiating cancerous tissues, with daily radiation treatment, cancerous tissues can be destroyed and then replaced by normal tissues. Every component in the linac is carefully selected for the function for which it is designed. First of all, the klystron is used to produce microwaves, because it is better than a magnetron that is used for lower energy linear accelerators. Because linear accelerators have higher energy beam, klystron are used for production of x-rays. Continuing to the electron gun, tungsten wire or filament is used, because of its high melting point, high atomic number, and it is ductile. With this features tungsten is a good thermionic emitter, is a good source of electrons and can be easily shaped into spiral, in order to create a larger surface area for the electrons to be emitted. In the feed waveguide Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is placed with the intention of stopping the arcing of electrons. At the end of the waveguide a circulator is placed so as microwaves cannot be reflected back. As we move on to the accelerating waveguide, and the standing wave accelerator used in linacs, we can see why the standing wave accelerator is used. The backward travelling wave interferes with the forward travelling wave, alternatively constructively and destructively. The resulting standing wave has a magnitude of approximately double that of the travelling wave, and the peak intensity travels along the waveguide at the phase velocity of the travelling wave.(Knapp et al, 1968) Following the waveguide is the bending magnet. Here we have the achromatic magnet where its main task is to change the direction of the electrons, but more important to bring the electrons together despite the difference in energies. A flattening filter is used to make the beam even from the central axis to its peripheral edges, to have homogenous distribution of the dose. Ionisation chambers are essential in a linac. They monitor the dose leaving the treatment head, so that the linear accelerator knows when to end the treatment. Collimation in a linear accelerator is necessary. Without the primary and secondary radiation a linac wouldnt be as suitable for the task for which it was designed. The field size and shape is vital in order to radiate only the cancerous tissues and not normal tissues. Nowadays with the advances of technology and the use not only of MLCs, but also IMRT and IGRT, survival rates of cancer have increased. Last but not least, a linear accelerator can treat a patient with different energy modalities. By removing the target, the electron stream can continue into the head of the machine and then be used for the treatment of superficial toumors. By leaving the target, photons are produced to treat deep-situated toumors. Nowadays most linacs have virtual wedges, compared to some decades ago, where there where only manual wedges. Now radiographers with the use of virtual wedges dont have to concern about manual handling, as they dont have to do anything. I believe that linear accelerators are not perfect. Linacs are extremely expensive to buy, so poor countries dont have the opportunity to treat their patients from cancer. It is hard to keep up with the advances of technology, as everything is very expensive to buy, and only wealthy countries can buy the latest equipment. A disadvantage of switching from photon to electron modalities is that applicators and blocks are used to direct the electrons and shape the beam. Applicators are very heavy. Blocks are made of lead which may cause lead poisoning if they are not handled with care. The only disadvantage with MLCs is that when conforming the beam shape to the PTV, some radiation will be leaking, even when using the tongue and groove effect. Last but not least the linacs to work efficiently they need daily quality assurance tests and maintenance from physicists. Conclusion: Linear accelerator is the main treatment unit used for the treatment of abnormal tissues. With its precise position of the beam, shaped differently for every patient individually, it certainly is the best machine for the treatment of cancer. A linac uses microwaves to accelerate electrons and then hit the target where x-rays are produced. This x-rays are collected and then form the shape of the beam. Nowadays with the rapid advances of technology, linacs in a few years time will be even more efficient than today. Definitely linear accelerators are best suited for the task for which they were designed. All the components of a linear accelerator are carefully selected for its needs. From the smallest to the bigger parts of the linac, are designed for the best outcome. References: BOMFORD, C.K., 2003. Megavoltage beam generators. In: C.K BOMFORD and I.H KUNKLER, ed. Walter and Millers Textbook of Radiotherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone, Pages 162-183. COOK, M., 1998. X-Ray Production. In: A. DUXBURY and P. CHERRY, ed. Practical Radiotherapy Physics and Equipment. London: GMM, Pages 21-26. HENDEE W. R., IBBOTT G. S. and HENDEE E. G., 2005. Radiation Therapy Physics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Liss. KARZMARK, C.J and MORTON, R., 1998. A Primer on Theory and Operation of Linear Accelerators in Radiotherapy. 2nd ed. Madison, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing. KHAN M.F., 2003.The Physics of Radiation Therapy.3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. KNAPP, E. A., KNAPP, B. C. and POTTER I. M., 1968. Standing Wave High Energy Linear Accelerator Structures. In: HENDEE W. R., IBBOTT G. S. and HENDEE E. G., 2005. Radiation Therapy Physics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Liss.

Physics of Soccer Essay -- Physics Research Papers Compare Football

Physics of Soccer I. Introduction Soccer is a sport that’s very challenging and during the course of this semester I’ve found physics can also be described as challenging. As far as I was concerned soccer and physics were both challenging and that was all they had in common, consequently upon researching them both this semester I found that I was wrong. For me this was nothing new because I’ve found that physics isn’t a subject that can be skimmed, but rather it has to be studied to the finest detail. Those small details if missed can make all your efforts worthless. Or on the positive side understanding those details can make your efforts worth it in the end. And in soccer if you understand the physics, which to most players would be considered as the small details, it pays off in the end. So really how does physics come into play with soccer? II. Motion and Soccer In our text we began our study of physics with motion because motion is a dominant characteristic of the Universe (Kirkpatrick, 21). In class we learned that speed is the distance traveled divided by the time taken, s=d/t. The definition of velocity is very close to that of speed except that direction of an object is also taken into account. Soccer is a sport that is all about motion and how to use movements most effectively. Speed and velocity are very important when it comes to motion because with out them there would be no motion. When playing soccer speed is essential to being a productive player. The game is fast paced and so the players must also be quick on their feet. Soccer players may not know that velocity is essential to being able to control their movements. But physics proves that both are essential to soccer. Speed and direction are b... ...volved. Soccer requires the use of physics principles such as motion, distance, momentum, angular momentum, friction, and all three of Newton’s Laws of motion. It is important to understand how physics works and affects us even when playing soccer. If players know how physics, the small details, affect them they will be able to control the ball and be efficient in calculating the speed and impact of an approaching opponent. Soccer is a challenging sport, but knowing how the physics around the game works makes improvement almost a guarantee. Works Cited Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Physic: A World View. Fourth ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Lange, Thomas L. â€Å"Soccer.† World Book Encyclopedia. 1996. â€Å"Physics of Soccer.† www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/trobinso/physicpages/po2001/Soccer/ Index.html. Kent School District. 1995-2003.

Huck and finn :: essays research papers

Jim’s Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of a sudden I woke up to someone saying hello and I jumped up and turned around to see who was on the island with me. To my surprise I saw Huckleberry Finn, thinking that he was dead i dropped to my knees and said â€Å"doan’ hurt me dont’t! I hain’t ever done no harm to a ghos’. I alwuz liked dead people, en done all i could for ‘em. You go en git in de river ag’in, whah you b’longs, en doan’ do nuffin to Ole Jim, ‘at ‘uz alwuz yo’ fren’.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then Huck explained to me what had happened to him and amde me understand he was alive and not a ghost. After expalining Huck says â€Å"It’s good daylight. Le’s get breakfast. Make up your campfire good.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s de use er makin up de camp-fire to cook strawbriesen sich truck? but you got a gun, hain’t you? Den we kin git sumfn better then strawbries.† I said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strawberries and such truck,† he said. â€Å"is that what you live on? â€Å"I could’nt get nuffin else,† â€Å"Why how long you been on the island Jim?† â€Å"I came heah de night after you’s killed.† â€Å"What, all that time† â€Å"Yes indeedy† â€Å"And you ain’t had nothing but that kind of rubbage to eat?† â€Å" No sah nuffin else† â€Å"Well you must be starved ain’t you?† â€Å"I reck;n i could eat a hoss. I think I could. How long you ben on de islan’?† â€Å"Since the night I got killed.† â€Å"No W’y, what has you lived on? But you got a gun. Oh, yes. you got a gun. Dat’s good. Now you kill sumfn en I’ll make up de fire.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So we went over to where the canoe was, and whuile I built the fire in a grassy open place amongst the trees, Huck went off and feched a meal and bacon and coffee, and a coffee-pot and frying pan and sugar and tin cups, and I was set back considerable because I reckoned it was all done with witchcraft. He caught a good big catfish and I cleaned him with my knife and fried him. When breakfast was ready weolled on the grass and eat it smoking hot. I laid it in all my might , because i was most starved. Then we had got pretty well stuffed, we laid off and lazied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By and by I said: â€Å" But looky here, Huck who wuz it dat ‘us killed in dat shanty ef it warnt you?† Then he explained to me th whole thing and I told him it was smart.

Value on Human Life

Maybe even in the value of dollars and cents. Every human values life in a slightly different way many may be similar but no one is the same that's why our values are different. Life Is a precious thing and people protect it with all they have. I would probably question why people have to pass away. We come into this world and live than die In a relatively short amount of time. People might question why do we have to die? For example In the Galoshes Epic, Galoshes a man who has recently suffered a friend's death questions why humans have to die.It's a great question and Galoshes goes through a great deal trouble to answer this everlasting question. People can't cope with death. They can't believe that the person they once saw everyday or maybe even just walked by them in a school hall, that they will never see them again. Non-existence from something that was very much alive not to long ago and still in our minds'. For instance Lance Armstrong, a world-class cyclist and a multi Tour De France winner was on top of the world until age 25 when he was diagnosed with testicular cancer.I don't know about you but a athlete is not the first person I picture when I hear the word cancer. Sadly death favors no man, Its preys on whom ever It wants. That's why when the cyclist Lance Armstrong got the terrible news he fought through It and defeated It even though the odds were against him. And he got out of the whole ordeal with a new state of mind. That Is something I respect, a person who starred at the face of death and said, â€Å"no now is not my time†. Lance Armstrong valued his life in the achievements and it's the simple things he valued when near death.Just to ride another bike race was what a dearly wanted. Valuating life as a experience of many glorious things and that I agree on with him. On the other hand, which I don't agree on at all, is Amanda Ripples article † What is life worth? † She describes how a dollar value was put on each of the Se ptember 1 lath victims in the planes and buildings for their family's to get a money relief for their loss. The money relief ranged anywhere from the hundred thousands to millions of dollars. This In retrospect seems like a great idea but It quickly became a horrible idea.It's human nature to want more almost anything so once when the government decided to hand out money to the victim's families' people Immediately wanted more money. Most of these families decided that money could replace a life. Surely money can't but it could help continue or renew ones life when someone looses a significant loss but he rather pursue his life raising his two daughters than pursue a lawsuit. People must go on with life because life doesn't have a dollar value on it it's what you did hear on earth when you were alive that counts not after death.In conclusion and to the words I try to live my life by is that â€Å"everyone dies but not everyone really lives†. We can spend our whole life Just g etting by to find a meaning or a value in life but I believe that life itself should be a precious value, over achievements, fame, and money. Live life to the fullest because you never know when it could end. Society should not but a certain value on a persons life, we are all humans and we are all some what capable of all the same things so life itself should be the main value we have.

Critque Essay

In the story â€Å"The Operation,† by Pensri Kiengsiri , a story that has a third persons’ point of view. The reader learns that Kamjorn, the father of the kid, don’t have much affection to Danu because Danu is a victim of polio which made Danu a crippled kid. Its conspiracy leads the reader into having a feeling of sympathy for the boy. And the story’s setting, contributes well to the growing sympathy of the readers to Danu, as Kiengsiri’s treatment of timing cause the readers to anticipate a shocking things that’s to unfold.The time at which â€Å"The Operation† is set introduces an element of tension between the parents. Kamjorn informed the readers that when he taught about going to Bangkok he first wanted to see his best friend, rather to go to the hospital which is his main reason of going to Bangkok; it is â€Å"his mind strayed to other days in Bangkok, student days and to the old school mates, he would have a chance to look u p. † As the reader already knows that Kamjorn intends to catch up with his old friends, the very mention of â€Å"strayed to other days† evokes the sense of a plan that will certainly make sadness to the boy’s feelings.The added suggestion of â€Å"chance to look up† introduces an atmosphere of uncertainty: that planted to the reader’s mind is the notion that all is not normal and right to the world. The sense of uncertainty to Kamjorn that he will not go to his son and doesn’t show to his son it is a big factor to his son operation. Just as the time in which â€Å"The Operation† is set infuses the story with an atmosphere of sadness, so do the physical surrounding in which the bulk of plot unfolds. â€Å"When Kamjorn reached Bangkok, he went to meet his friend and to actually catch up with them.When his daughter haven’t seen any sign that either one of their parents arrived, she was worried and called to their house and someho w convinced her mother to travel. † Both things added to the reader’s sense that there’s something is not right and that something imminent is about to occur. This atmosphere of imminence increases as their mother went to the train and hasn’t heard anything from her until the operation is almost finished â€Å"an accident on an express train†¦fatalities†That’s the only words Kamjorn’s mind ever digested before he fainted. For it is only in the final conversation of the story. The imminence that happened to Kamjorn’s wife that caused him to faint. It has successfully concealed the true sense of Kamjorn tears last before he fainted. Hence, the manner Kiengsiri described the time and setting of â€Å"The Operation† serves to greatly enhance the effect of this tale upon the reader.In accompanying the story’s characters into a world thet grows steadily more gruesome at every turn, the reader’s feeling of sad ness and foreboding increases, the reader is doubly troubled the disturbing revelation made in the story’s final conversation. Kiengsiri’s use of setting and timing in this story mirrors the special effects employed in dramatic movies-effects that have the viewers wiping their tears, totally absorbed in plot and atmosphere. It is good that a 6 page short story can evoke with words the same response that movie makers use millions of dollars, efforts and truckloads of technology to create.

Practicum observation reflection -special education Essay

This lesson is about teaching winter to students with severe special needs. We talk about winter all the time with our students, especially when it snows or is very windy or very cold outside. I think winter is a common topic in our daily conversation, often used to break the ice with co-workers, classmates or even strangers. What’s more, it’s important to understand what weather reporters or other people are talking about when you need to decide what to wear. Therefore, I assumed that incorporating a winter lesson into a class for students with special needs is a good idea. Weather is an interesting topic to teach- I need to consider my students prior knowledge and their learning level, there are many simple, engaging and effective ways in which I can teach my special education students about the weather. A student misconception is the students will think snow comes from the clouds sweating. I designed this lesson to give a systemic introduction to winter. I focused on relating students’ prior experience and knowledge from daily lives with the story- a snowy day with new vocabulary. In the following group activity, students experienced the winter by using their senses (sight, hearing, smell and touch). Tailored to severe needs students, the explanation of the why winter comes and goes will be touched upon briefly but the students will not be expected to fully understand this concept. The teacher will be more concerned with the students understand of how winter affect us. One thing that I hope the students would get out of my lesson is: with prompting and support, make connections between a story or poem and one’s own experiences. Students can learn winter vocabulary (New words: Snowsuit, footprints, stick, plop, angel, slid, snowball, thought, melted), and to know about a weather-snow  experience. I feel the activity â€Å"make your footprints† was successful because all of the students were engaged and participating. Students enjoyed working with the sponges and creating their own footprints. Since there was a minimal amount of information involved during this activity, students were able to grasp it more. The biggest challenge is how to make the teaching more effective to students with more difficult behaviors. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that there is a wide degree of variation in the way it affects the students. Their  communication level and learning patterns varies from each other as well. Some are always low motivated and some are quite sensitive (out of control). I was wondering how much information they have received and how much they have perceived? How to let these students also have the sense of participation? In some choice making sections, I don’t know how long I should wait for their responses, or how many times I should repeat the question. There are several things that I would change if I taught this lesson again. I would like to make some accommodations for diverse learners. For example: pictures for  ESL students, differentiated center for different learning styles, give enough time for students to respond and safety/emergency concerns in class. In addition, I would develop more steps in assessment part. Such as pre-assessment before the lesson, formative assessment, and summative assessment at the end of the lesson to check their final learning outcomes. I felt that there were good things about this lesson as well as things that I could have improved upon. Over all, students seemed to enjoy the lesson. I think I met my learning objectives according to the class reaction and feedback.